We Are All In This Together - en Español

By:Camron Moore Issue: Biennial of the Americas 2010 Section:City Exhibitions and Special Events

Detener el terrorismo a través de la seguridad y la cooperación

Al Qaida y los talibanes no son las amenazas terroristas sólo que la gente en la cara del hemisferio occidental. De hecho, resulta que los cárteles de la droga a lo largo de la frontera con México, las FARC en Colombia, el ELN, la AMIA y las AUC que también perpetuar las actividades terroristas regionales, incluyendo atentados con bombas, contrabando de armas, el blanqueo de dinero y tráfico de seres humanos. Además, partes del hemisferio están experimentando subidas de tensión en el fundamentalismo islámico perpetuada por Hamás y Hezbolá.

De hecho, en el año 2000, América Latina experimentado 193 ataques terroristas – casi la mitad de todos los ataques de mundo combinados – que pide el cierre de la Embajada y advertencias de seguridad. A continuación, se produjo el 11 de septiembre y las cosas cambiaron. El 10 de septiembre de 2001, hubo una falta de transparencia entre las entidades de seguridad locales, estatales, federales e internacionales. En su mayor parte, nadie estaba hablando entre sí o compartir la información. La organización de Estados Americanos denunció los ataques y pidieron que se "cooperación hemisférica combatir este flagelo". Hoy las cosas han vuelto más transparentes, pero todavía hay un largo camino por recorrer.

Durante la Bienal de las Américas, en frente de 750 de los ciudadanos, el Center for facultada Living y aprendizaje exploró seguridad transnacional en el hemisferio con especialistas de seguridad de todo el hemisferio. Moderado por el ex senador de los Estados Unidos de Colorado y actual Vicepresidente de los Estados Unidos Consejo de seguridad nacional Gary Hart, el panel exploraron cuestiones que rodean la interdependencia mundial, la participación de la Comunidad y el intercambio de información. Hart dijo, "el terrorismo no es sólo una amenaza nacional, pero es una amenaza internacional."

Los participantes de la mesa redonda estimado incluyen William R. Brownfield, Embajador de Estados Unidos a Colombia; general Victor Renuart (Jub.), comandante de la U.S. Norte Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD); Oscar Morales, Presidente colombiano de nativo y ejecutivo de la Fundación One Million de voces; y Ralph Basham, ex Comisionado de aduanas de los Estados Unidos y protección de fronteras. Todos convinieron con palabras de Gary Hart.

Participación de los ciudadanos a Detener el terrorismo

En una poco probable bromas entre los miembros del panel de mesa redonda, hubo un diálogo fogosa sobre participación ciudadana y la aceptación de las actividades terroristas. Basham afirmó que, "Nos hemos convertido en complacientes en los Estados Unidos porque sólo tenemos problemas periódicos." general Renuart de acuerdo. Dijo, "nuestra conciencia como una nación es finita. Queremos resolver los problemas y seguir adelante con la vida."

Morales, el creador de One Million Voices contra FARC y líder de la manifestación contra el terrorismo más grande en la historia, estuvo de acuerdo. Él dijo, "nosotros (los colombianos) vieron la noticia y vio las acciones terroristas y todo lo que hicimos fue se quejan. En lugar de brazos cruzados por Morales movilizadas marchas contra las FARC utilizan plataformas de medios sociales como Facebook. En menos de un mes, más de 400.000 voluntarios y unos 12 millones de personas en 200 + ciudades y 40 diferentes países marcharon contra los terroristas de las FARC. Morales dijo, "se encuentra tecnología y decidió hablar en contra de estas acciones terroristas. Ahora las sociedades civiles están diciendo 'We no tomarlo ya!' “

Planificación y colaboración Son clave

El Embajador Brownfield dijo que el hemisferio necesita un plan de largo plazo para vencer el terrorismo. "El terrorismo no es un juego de fútbol de 60 minutos. Si el Gobierno anfitrión no comprar, no puede haber ninguna solución a largo plazo a los problemas terroristas." Él debe saber – lo que él ha trabajado en algunos de los países más volátiles en el hemisferio - incluyendo Venezuela desde 2004-2007 y en Colombia desde 2007. Añadió, "un tamaño no cabe todos. Usted necesita diferentes planes para los terroristas diferentes." We Are All In This Together

El ida y vuelta discusión continuó a un ritmo moderado hasta general Renuart dijo que la cooperación transnacional de seguridad es esencial si son países pacíficos con vocación ganar (todo lo que eso significa) la lucha hemisférica contra el terrorismo. Mantuvo que tenemos que la creación de la coalición, la cooperación y la comunicación. "Las amenazas no mirar un reloj – debemos desarrollar coaliciones con paciencia. A menos que trabajemos conjuntamente, no vamos a llegar a la raíz del terrorismo,"dijo Renuart.

Basham se hizo eco de los sentimientos de la Renuart general y fue aún más a la observación de que los oficiales de inteligencia de U.S. son un poco arrogantes en cómo recopilar y distribuir la inteligencia. Dijo, 11 de septiembre la comunidad de inteligencia de los Estados Unidos comenzó a compartir información con México, Canadá y otros asociados de manera que ellos nunca habrían considerado el 10 de septiembre. Sin embargo, destacó, las necesidades de los Estados Unidos hacer un mejor trabajo en su inteligencia y el intercambio a nivel local y estatal, ya que es donde se produce la mayoría de detección de terrorismo de información. En la actualidad, los funcionarios a menudo no reciben la información de inteligencia. Dijo, "compartir información con el Estado y las leyes locales encargados de hacer cumplir es muy difícil. Que puede dar la información a?" Brownfield estuvo de acuerdo, pero presionó para transparencia adicional.

Dejar la discusión, allí fue ninguna manera nadie sintió el mundo es un lugar tranquilo y participantes todos se dieron cuenta de que la seguridad nacional ha vuelto interdependiente en la seguridad global.

Morales y Brownfield convinieron en que si se pueden lograr todos trabajar como un equipo en el éxito de las zonas amenazadas por el terror de los países. Brownfield dijo, "el éxito es la ausencia de crisis y la ausencia de problemas. En Colombia hemos visto éxito." Morales reiteraron que sin la colaboración que existe entre el público y los diplomáticos, "nos no habría nunca visto éxito en Colombia". Ambos dijeron que Colombia ha sido una experiencia de aprendizaje excelente para todo el hemisferio en cómo hacer frente al terrorismo, prevenir el terrorismo y apoyo público para los esfuerzos de rally.

Hat Presentation

By:Annette Perez Issue: Biennial of the Americas 2010 Section:City Exhibitions and Special Events

ICOSA was honored and humbled to spend time with the former heads of state during their trip to the Aspen Institute. As a souvenir from the great state of Colorado, ICOSA publisher Gayle Dendinger and Sheplers, a western-wear store, gifted genuine cowboy hats to each head of state and to the mayor. The hats were well received and ultimately were showcased on the cover of this issue.

All Nations Skate Jam

By:Annette Perez Issue: La Bienal de las Américas 2010 Section:City Exhibitions and Special Events

Over the weekend of July 10th, the Biennial partnered with Our Nations Energies (ONE) to host a skate jam at the Downtown Denver Skatepark. Over 200 amateur skaters, skating legends and skate companies participated in the weekend gathering. Alongside the skating competition was an entertainment area where local bands like Racecar Spelled Backwards, Gabriel YAIVA, Beer Boyz, Trickshot, and The Skyline Surrender performed. A market was established for the non-skaters that had Native American vendors, non-profit organizations, youth groups, dancers, artists, filmmakers, and ecological groups showcasing their work.

Tree Planting

By:Annette Perez Issue: Biennial of the Americas 2010 Section:City Exhibitions and Special Events A Peace Tree Planting Ceremony was held at the Denver Botanic Gardens in conjunction with the Former Heads of State and the Organization of American States. The shovels to dig the holes came from the McNichols exhibit Palas por Pistolas (Pistols for Shovels). After the ceremony, guests attended a private reception at the home of Liberty Global’s Michael and Amber Fries.

During his remarks, Mayor Hickenlooper said, "Other cities like Los Angeles and New York have heard about what is happening here and have called me wondering why they don't have these amazing events in their cities. To them my answer is simple... It is in Denver, because Denver is Denver. Only the great people of Denver have what it takes to put an event like this together."

Tweet From Secretary Hilda Solis

By:Annette Perez Issue: La Bienal de las Américas 2010 Section:City Exhibitions and Special Events

...from Secretary Hilda Solis

Dafna Michaelson of 50 in 52 provided live Twitter coverage for each of the roundtables. Michaelson’s phenomenal ability to continuously tweet in 140-characters grabbed the attention of Secretary of Labor, Hilda Solis. Secretary Solis tweeted back to Michaelson expressing gratitude to her for her efforts.

Bicycle Ride Through Denver

By:Annette Perez Issue: Biennial of the Americas 2010 Section:City Exhibitions and Special Events Participants of the Energy roundtable donned bicycle helmets, while in their suits, and rode through the streets of Denver to the Ellie Caulkins Theatre. Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood praised the efforts of the B-Cycle program by saying, “The Bike Share Program is the model for the country. Denver is one of the best in transportation due to the efforts of the city and Mayor Hickenlooper.” The B-cycle Program allows customers to purchase a 24-hour membership, select and take the bike, ride the bike to a destination and return it at any convenient location.

Mutek Perspectives

By:Allison Mendes Issue: La Bienal de las Américas 2010 Section:City Exhibitions and Special Events

Murcof + Moleculagem and Mossa

MUTEK is known for presenting avant-garde audiovisual arts. The performance featured artists from opposite ends of the spectrum — the meditative, trance inducing light performance of Murcof + Moleclagem and the interactive, dance club atmosphere of Mossa.

Murcof + Moleclagem combined a collective of Brazilian artists with a background in video and music production and the modern, spiritual compositions of Murcof who used technology to create suites of music resulting in an otherworldly, futuristic experience. Montreal artist Mossa is a classically trained musician turned DJ with a passion for deconstructing music into electronic compositions. This exciting combination of visual and audio led to a seemingly spontaneous dance party on the third floor of the historic McNichols building.

The Hard Hat Gala

By:Annette Perez Issue: Biennial of the Americas 2010 Section:City Exhibitions and Special Events Three months before the Biennial of the Americas officially opened the McNichols Building to the public, an elaborate event was held in its honor. The McNichols building has been a monument in the Denver area since the 1900’s, but the structure has gone through major renovations over the last 12 months. The evening’s events included DJ’s spinning music while wearing construction clothing to honor the theme. The space was infused with neon, club-themed pink, green and blue lights. Attendees included sponsors, city staff, and collaborative partners of the Biennial.

Gipsy Kings and Lyle Lovett

By:Annette Perez Issue: Biennial of the Americas 2010 Section:City Exhibitions and Special Events

Gipsy Kings

The Gipsy Kings brought their rumba flamenca flavored music to the world-renowned Red Rocks Amphitheatre on July 9th. Performing such hits as Bamboleo, Volare, La Quiero, Vamos A Bailar, and Tu Queres Volver, the crowd never had a chance to sit down. Prior to the concert there was a VIP event held for sponsors and collaborative partners to wrap-up the first week of Biennial events.

Lyle Lovett

Red Rocks’ acoustic and picturesque settings provided a perfect atmosphere for a summer concert with Lyle Lovett and His Large Band. Lovett performed his country style hits to a packed audience during the last weekend of Biennial events. Although it started raining during the show, it did not stop Lovett's “It’s Rock and Roll” from being a staple in the performance.

We Are All In This Together

By:Camron Moore Issue: Biennial of the Americas 2010 Section:City Exhibitions and Special Events

Stopping Terrorism Through Transnational Security Cooperation

Al Qaida and the Taliban are not the only terrorist threats that people in the Western Hemisphere face. In fact, it is the drug cartels along the Mexican border, the FARC in Colombia, the ELN, the AMIA, and the AUC who also perpetuate regional terrorist activities, including bombings, arms smuggling, money laundering, and human trafficking. Moreover, parts of the hemisphere are experiencing surges in Islamic fundamentalism perpetuated by Hamas and Hezbollah.

In fact, in 2000, Latin America experienced 193 terrorist attacks – almost half of all world attacks combined – prompting embassy closings and security warnings. Then 9/11 occurred and things changed. On September 10, 2001, there was a lack of transparency between local, state, federal and international security entities. For the most part, no one was talking to each other or sharing information. The Organization of American States denounced the attacks and called for “hemispheric cooperation to combat this scourge.” Today things have become more transparent, but there is still a long way to go.

During the Biennial of the Americas, in front of 750 citizens, the Center for Empowered Living and Learning explored transnational security within the hemisphere with security specialists from throughout the hemisphere. Moderated by former Colorado U.S. Senator and current Vice Chair of the U.S. Homeland Security Council Gary Hart, the panel explored issues surrounding global interdependence, community engagement, and information sharing. Hart said, “Terrorism is not just a national threat, but is an international threat.”

"Terrorism is not just a national threat, but is an international threat." - Gary Hart

The esteemed roundtable participants included William R. Brownfield, U.S. Ambassador to Colombia; General Victor Renuart (Ret.), Commander of U.S. Northern Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD); Oscar Morales, Colombian native and executive president of the One Million Voices Foundation; and Ralph Basham, former commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection. They all agreed with Gary Hart's words.

Citizen Engagement to Stop Terrorism

In an unlikely banter between roundtable panel members, there was a spirited dialogue about citizen engagement and acceptance of terrorist activities. Basham asserted that, “We have become complacent in the U.S. because we only have periodic issues.” General Renuart agreed. He said, “Our consciousness as a nation is finite. We want to solve the problems and get on with life.”

Morales, the creator of One Million Voices Against FARC and leader of the largest anti-terrorism demonstration in history, concurred. He said, “We (Colombians) watched the news and saw terrorist actions and all we did was complain.” Instead of standing idly by, Morales mobilized marches against FARC using social media platforms like Facebook. In less than a month, more than 400,000 volunteers and some 12 million people in 200+ cities and 40 different countries marched against the FARC terrorists. Morales said, “I found technology and decided to speak out against these terrorist actions. Now the civil societies are saying ‘We won’t take it anymore!’ “

Planning and Collaboration Are Key

Morales mobilized marches against FARC using social media platforms like Facebook. In less than a month, more than 400,000 volunteers and some 12 million people in 200+ cities and 40 different countries marched against the FARC terrorists.

Ambassador Brownfield said the hemisphere needs a long term plan to conquer terrorism. “Terrorism is not a 60-minute football game. If the host government does not buy in, there can be no long-term solution to terrorist problems.” He should know – he has served in some of the most volatile countries in the hemisphere - including Venezuela from 2004-2007 and in Colombia since 2007. He went on, “One size does not fit all. You need different plans for different terrorists.”

The back and forth discussion continued at a moderate pace until General Renuart said that transnational security cooperation is essential if peaceful-minded countries are to win (whatever that means) the hemispheric war on terrorism. He maintained that we must have coalition building, cooperation, and communication. “Threats don’t look at a watch – we must develop coalitions with patience. Unless we work collaboratively, we are not going to get at the root of terrorism,” Renuart said.

Basham echoed the General Renuart’s sentiments and went further to comment that U.S. intelligence officers are a bit arrogant in how they collect and distribute intelligence. He said, on 9/11 the U.S. intelligence community began to share information with Mexico, Canada and other partners in ways that they would have never considered on September 10th. But, he stressed, the U.S. needs to do a better job in its intelligence and information sharing at the local and state levels since that is where the majority of terrorism detection occurs. Currently, officials often do not receive the intelligence information. He said, “Sharing information with state and local law enforcement is very difficult. Who can you give the information to?” Brownfield concurred but pushed for additional transparency.

Leaving the discussion, there was no way anyone felt that the world was a tranquil place and participants all realized that national security has become interdependent on global security.

Morales and Brownfield agreed that if countries all work as a team in terror-threatened areas success can be achieved. Brownfield said, “Success is the absence of crisis and the absence of problems. In Colombia we have seen success .” Morales reiterated that without the collaboration that now exists between the public and the diplomats, "we would have never seen success in Colombia." They both said that Colombia has been an excellent learning experience for the entire hemisphere in how to deal with terrorism, prevent terrorism, and rally public support for the efforts.

Steel Drums

By:Annette Perez Issue: Biennial of the Americas 2010 Section:City Exhibitions and Special Events Not only was the Biennial permeated with art, but it was also filled with music. Ray Holman, a composer, arranger and steel drum performer from Trinidad and Tobago offered workshops during the Biennial to teach people the significance of the steel drums and how their history is important to the music culture. After the workshops, Holman performed a concert to highlight his music. Holman has won many prestigious musical awards, including the Hummingbird Silver Medal of Merit from the Government of Trinidad and Tobago and a Pan Legend Award from the New York Folk Arts Institute and the U.S. Congress. He was also recognized for his musical contribution by the Republic Pan Fiesta in 2003.

Luncheon for Former Heads of State

By:Allison Mendes Issue: Biennial of the Americas 2010 Section:City Exhibitions and Special Events Over lunch at Kevin Taylor’s Opera House following the Summit of the Former Heads of State Roundtable, President Alejandro Toledo (Peru 2001-2006) spoke to Summit participants and answered questions from the luncheon guests. Topics ranged from the importance of women’s education in economic development to Mr. Toledo’s vision for future relations between the Americas, including the potential for an open border system similar to that of the European Union.

Vinicio Cerezo

By:Jennifer Watson Issue: Biennial of the Americas 2010 Section:Heads of State

A Cord of Many Strands

Aless optimistic man might have given up. Faced with the social, political and economic challenges of his country, another man might have left it all behind for an easier life elsewhere. Yet, Vinicio Cerezo, former president of the Republic of Guatemala and current member of the National Congress, has chosen to stay in his county's service. Two decades after his presidency, he continues to reach out to other world leaders to encourage agreements he believes are crucial to Guatemala's future.

"Continuity and time--those are the two things our country needs," President Cerezo said during his trip to Denver for the Biennial of the Americas. "If we have security, we will have stability. Then, we will have the conditions for people to work and create prosperity."

The relative stability of Guatemala came at a steep price and remains threatened by crime and inequality. As the first civilian leader elected after decades of military rule and civil war, Cerezo knows how difficult it was to promote democracy and economic opportunity.

To preserve those gains amidst new challenges, Cerezo believes his nation must return to the city of Esquipulas to forge another historic multinational agreement.

"We had to convert our government into a civilian system, reorganize our economic system so people in the countryside could produce and export crops, and convince the army to allow people to take the money being spent on guns and war and put it toward our social system." - Vinicio Cerezo

Guatemala today rises from a fragile foundation. Known as the "Land of Eternal Spring," Guatemala lies directly below Mexico on the western side of Central America. Slightly smaller than Tennessee, Guatemala encompasses large cities, Pacific coastal areas, rain forests and lush highlands populated mainly by Mayan villagers. Its soil and climate have made Guatemala an agricultural exporter, with coffee, sugar, bananas and, more recently, ethanol among its chief crops.

Tourism is also thriving in Guatemala. Traces of the great Mayan communities that ruled Guatemala for more than 1,000 years are still found in Tikal and other world-famous archaeological sites. Visitors also come to Guatemala for its hiking, wildlife, Spanish-language schools and beaches. Cities like Antigua, which is ringed by volcanoes and filled with Spanish architecture from Guatemala's colonial past, rely heavily on tourism.

The diverse heritage that makes Guatemala such an interesting place to visit has also led to inequality and conflict. Guatemala is one of the few countries in the world with a significant indigenous population. Although Spanish is the official language, more than 40 percent of the population is Mayan and speaks one of 23 Mayan languages. The remainder of the population is primarily of Spanish or Ladino (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) descent.

Guatemala suffers from economic inequalities that stretch back to colonial days. When the Spanish conquered the Maya in the 1500s, they took the land and established a new economic system that left the Maya in poverty. Guatemala established its independence in 1821, but the economic inequality persisted through the decades and eventually led to military rule and a 36-year civil war that left more than 100,000 dead. A United Nations sponsored commission reported that 83 percent of the dead were Mayan, and experts estimate that another 1 million Guatemalans fled the country. With most of its money going to the military and foreign investors unwilling to do business there, Guatemala sank into widespread, chronic poverty.

Eventually, protests inside and outside the country gained traction, and, in 1986, Guatemala held its first free elections in decades. The man who emerged as president was Vinicio Cerezo, a Christian Democrat with no ties to the military. The son of a Supreme Court judge, Cerezo studied law and survived several assassination attempts before assuming office.

He remembers his inauguration day vividly and ticks off the three problems his government faced. "We had to convert our government into a civilian system, reorganize our economic system so people in the countryside could produce and export crops, and convince the army to allow people to take the money being spent on guns and war and put it toward our social system."

The problems in Guatemala didn't exist in isolation however, within six months Cerezo took a trip to Esquipulas on the Guatemalan-Honduran border to discuss the military conflicts being waged throughout the region. The gathering with other Central American leaders eventually produced the Esquipulas Peace Agreement, which defined a regional framework for economic cooperation, conflict resolution, democratization and refugee assistance. Vinicio Cerezo

The Esquipulas negotiations also laid the groundwork for the UN-sponsored Oslo Accord, which in turn produced the peace agreement ending Guatemala's civil war. Although the final agreement was signed after Cerezo left office in 1991, he was able to improve economic conditions and negotiate a peaceful transfer of power to his elected successor. Guatemala has remained at peace since the mid-1990s and tourists and foreign investors have slowly returned to the country. Until the worldwide recession hit, Guatemala was enjoying an annual economic growth rate of more than 4 percent.

Many of the old challenges persist however, five percent of the population holds 90 percent of the country's wealth, Cerezo said, and the Maya continue to live in extreme poverty. Literacy and graduation rates, particularly among children from rural families, remain extremely low. More schools must be built to accommodate growing populations, and poor families need support so they can send their children to school rather than to work, Cerezo said. "If we don't resolve this problem, our other initiatives will fail," he said. "We need people with the education to grow our economy."

As important as education is, Cerezo points to rising crime as the biggest challenge his country faces. According to the U.S. State Department, Guatemala has one of the highest violent crime rates in Latin America. The country is a major corridor for the cocaine and heroin trade between South and North America, and human traffickers are seizing Guatemalans for forced labor and sexual exploitation. "[Crime] is increasing political instability and diminishing the ability of the government to solve problems," Cerezo said, noting criminals are bribing government officials and recruiting rural villagers into their networks.

Guatemala shares these problems with its neighbors, and Cerezo is encouraging Central American leaders to gather again in Esquipulas to develop common laws for promoting education, trade and security throughout the region. He has had conversations with Central and South American leaders and said they agree that greater cooperation is needed.

"Democracy is increasing, and the richness of our countries and the confidence of foreign investors to come to our countries is increasing," he said. "We realized, however, that without sharing the wealth, without giving people education, health and opportunity to work, we would fail. It would undermine what we had accomplished, and we would risk returning to dictatorships."

He hopes a Central American agreement will be followed by other agreements throughout the Americas. "All the countries must work together,” he said. The gathering in Denver is another step forward in that process.

Jennifer Watson, APR, is vice president of public relations at MGA Communications, Inc., a public relations, marketing and research firm in Denver.

Hipolito Mejia

By:Bill Decker Issue: Biennial of the Americas 2010 Section:Heads of State

Tourism, Agriculture, and a Really Good Barber

The last decade has been tough on the Dominican Republic. There has been poverty, bank collapses, significant decreases in trade, floods, and most recently an influx of short-term immigrants after the devastating earthquakes in Haiti. Rafael Hipólito Mejía Domínguez, the President of The Dominican Republic (DR), from 2000-2004, spoke with me during the Biennial.

The interview was scheduled to take place at 9:30 a.m. but slipped to 9:50 a.m. As we were ushered into the room, one of my colleagues turned to me and said...“Latin time.” It was something of a mob scene, with 40 or 50 journalists approaching these diplomats, each hoping for at least a few minutes of undivided attention.

As soon as I found Mejía, he remarked in English, “You must know my barber.” I was put at ease when he used the same corny joke that I have been using for years; Mr. Mejia and I are both bald. Once he started with a joke, it was easy to see that this was a man who wore his charisma as well as he wore his blue suit.

Just a bit of framing... Early in the decade the Dominican Republic experienced a horrible recession which drove it to great poverty. Just days before leaving office, the country had a siege of power deficiencies and blackouts. The economic crisis and the government’s feud with the electric companies - all foreign-owned - had kept most of the 8.8 million residents unhappy for days in 100 degree heat. Mejia blamed his predecessor for the electricity problems; arguably those deals had been cut years ago and Mejia was not responsible.

Although Mejía’s term was fraught with controversy, he remains committed to his country and its residents. As an active member of the Global Center for Development and Democracy, Mejia is pushing for more social equality, while making political institutions more inclusive.

Despite my list of questions, and previewing them with colleagues and cohorts about their appropriateness, the ball was clearly in Mejía’s court. As a market entry specialist myself, my curiosity was about trade, business incentives, ability to license technology, and cross-cultural difficulties in working with Dominicans. He announced to me that he would like to comment on tourism and agriculture. So, that is exactly what he did.

Mejía expressed that the Dominican Republic is a “poor country with happy people.” He is right – the estimated 9.8 million Dominican people are by nature, friendly and warm-hearted and ranked as 2nd happiest out of 143 countries based on life expectancy, satisfaction levels, and ecological practices as measured by the New Economics Foundations Happiness Index.

While high on the "happy list," much of the nation (± 40%) suffers from marked income inequality with few Western defined necessities like water, electricity, or paved roads. High unemployment and underemployment remains an important long-term challenge for the country.

Although the country has poverty issues, they are hidden well from the tourists who visit this Caribbean paradise. “The sun shines year-round; we have nearly 250 miles of pristine coastlines, and we have 23,000 rooms available for tourists,” Mejía said. As the country tries to lure millions to its beaches, it is ecotourism that is a growing industry. Ecotourism is a form of responsible travel to fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas that strives to be low impact, while engaging the traveler with the environment and cultural heritage of the area. Mejía expressed that the DR is a “world leader in this new type of tourism.” In fact, the DR is one of just a few countries that has nine distinct ecological zones – each different and exciting – like Duarte Peak which rises 10,560 feet within the Cordillera Central Mountain chain or Lake Enriquillo which is 15 feet below sea level – which bodes well of this sort of tourism. When asked about foreign ownership in tourism and any social or political difficulties that may arise from that, he assured me that 95% of all hotels are owned by foreigners, mostly American, and that there are “no problems.” "The Dominican Republic is one of just a few countries that has nine distinct ecological zones - each different and exciting - like Duarte Peak which rises 10,560 feet within the Cordillera Central Mountain chain or Lake Enriquillo which is 15 feet below sea level." -Hipólito Mejía

Over the last few years, the growing hospitality service sector has overtaken agriculture as the economy's largest employer, but the DR is highly dependent upon the U.S. for its agricultural products. Overall, agricultural exports of sugar, coffee, fruit, and tobacco contribute nearly 12% of GDP, while 60% - 70% of revenues come from the U.S. Other major trading partners include Canada, Japan and countries in Western Europe.

Based on a strong 50 year democracy, Mejía believes that his country needs to be more favorably presented by the media. He stressed the importance of the press to share the breakthroughs in the country’s improving education systems, reduced poverty levels, conservation initiatives, and infrastructure improvements in highways, electricity, and high speed communications. Mejía said, “The quality of the experience will sell itself.”

Mejía’s goodbye to me was when he handed me a card that said “Llego Papa” which translates to “Get Papa.” He explained to me that he was running again. I joked that “Get Papa” can be taken in more than one way. He laughed and patted me on the back and then there was that slight squeeze on the shoulder that served as a handshake.

While there was no audience for my questions on trade and investment, being outflanked by a career politician is nothing to be ashamed of. And the more controversial the country, the more adroit and maneuverable its leader. Whether one agrees with Mejía or not, there is no denying the power of his charm.

Fernando De La Rue

By:Heather Grady Issue: Biennial of the Americas 2010 Section:Heads of State

A Quiet Passion

Though Fernando de la Rúa resigned his Presidency in 2001 after two years of leading Argentina during a period of economic and political strife, civil unrest and civic protests, he still believes in the power of public policy to positively impact the social and economic health of Argentina and Latin America.

When asked to participate in the creation of the Social Agenda for America, de la Rúa was honored and viewed it as an opportunity to help drive the future of Latin American social policy. The "Social Agenda for Democracy in Latin America for the Next 20 years" is a collection of 63 policy recommendations within 16 social issues derived from discussion, debate, and collaboration of representatives from public, academic and private institutions. Being at the table put President de la Rúa in a position to use the lessons he learned in public office to influence and educate. It is a position he takes seriously and for which he has tremendous passion, particularly in the areas of education and healthcare. Though his quiet, thoughtful demeanor was a source of difficulty while in office, it serves him well in this role of advisor. “We cannot individually or collectively move forward and make significant change without collaboration. It is through addressing the social problems we all face that will enable us to help our economies grow.” - Fernando de la Rúa

Being one of the members of The Biennial of the Americas Roundtable of the Former Heads of State was an opportunity to push the social agenda and spread the ideas it contains through a trade in ideas. “To be able to even be here is a demonstration of democracy. Argentina, and all of Latin America, has entered a new era with the United States,” he began. “We cannot individually or collectively move forward and make significant change without collaboration. It is through addressing the social problems we all face that will enable us to help our economies grow.”

Of the 63 explicit policy recommendations, the former president of Argentina is particularly drawn to address access to education and healthcare. He believes strongly that, “Children can only learn when they are in school and when they are healthy” and it is only when children have access to both quality education and quality healthcare that the future will be secure. Government involvement in education, particularly early childhood education, must be viewed as an investment, not an expense. Low quality education has negative impacts not just for the poor and underserved, but the wealthy, too. State participation in access to quality education is not a new focus for the former president. In 2000, de la Rúa initiated www.educ.ar, a state-sponsored educational portal. He understands that rapid advances in technology and the “information revolution” provide an imperative to utilize these resources to improve education while reducing costs and, the inequality of quantity while increasing quality access to education.

Raising teachers’ salaries in his first year in office was not a popular decision, but was a demonstration of his commitment to the principal role of the teacher in the educational process. He sees an improvement in pay and working conditions as a major contributing factor to recruit and retain the best people as professional educators. Establishing a system that supports professional development and clear and fair evaluation processes are also success factors. The Agenda sites improvement in the educational system as an imperative. Particular focus is placed upon better education for teachers and administrators and, the distribution of more highly educated teachers across schools with poorer students.

Changing the culture of education will require making policy decisions that promote a “culture of reading” and instill pride in teachers and students. Parental participation in their children’s education will help. De la Rúa stated, “We need to recover that responsibility with a historic commitment to education, not only to transmit knowledge in a more equal fashion, but to transmit democratic values, which are essential to combating violence and authoritarianism.”

This means that in order to strengthen democracy, public and private institutions need to commit to investing in the potential of human productivity. Improving access to quality education is only part of the challenge to achieve what de la Rúa refers to as “a more human-oriented economy.” Another, directly related piece is access to preventative health care for expectant mothers and young children. The Agenda outlines the strong ties between health and education and is a tremendous reference for understanding the impact of poor health and education on economic development. It states, “Many studies suggest that investing in young children from pre-natal health of their mothers to quality preschools yields a very high social return.” A healthy, educated populous is able to actively participate in a democracy and contribute to its political and economic well being.

In de la Rúa’s own words, “Health is a right. It is not an economic issue.” He sees the prioritization of infant nutrition as an investment in the viability of the democracies of Latin America. Undernourished, sick children cannot reach their full potential. As malnutrition’s chief determining factor is poverty, he believes the state has a responsibility to provide quality health services for the poor and that health policies need to focus on preventative health care, particularly in rural areas and marginal urban areas. Changing the culture of health care delivery in this way, he believes, will permit more efficient state spending while reducing or eliminating diseases which disproportionally affect the poor.

Low-income children have often been poorly nourished since being in the womb. This lack of proper nutrition leads to illnesses that can limit the development of motor skills and inhibit both cognitive and emotional development. Children who grow up in these situations start with significant disadvantages when they enter school and it is difficult to overcome these challenges throughout their lives. The former president feels that an increase in public hospitals and family doctors who can assist in “whole family health” now will, over time, lead to a reduction in poverty and greater equity in education.

The long term costs of poor health are well documented, as are the connections between poverty and poor health. Breaking the cycle through improving the health of the poor is a difficult challenge, particularly with limited resources, systems and policies which do not support change. The Agenda recommends a combination of policies and structural changes based upon the approaches Chile and Cuba have taken to reduce child malnutrition and increase the quality of healthcare. In both cases, there was a commitment to government playing a role, whether alone as in Cuba or in partnership with the private sector as in Chile, in actively reducing malnutrition and disease among the poor through a combination of programs and services.

For de la Rúa, the health of individuals has a direct impact on the health of the nation and the region. The challenges of health care, education and economic prosperity are deeply interwoven and it will take policy changes and cultural shifts to adequately address them over time. Creating opportunities for collaboration and forums to share success and failures is imperative in ensuring the long term prosperity of Argentina, Latin America, and the hemisphere. Democracy is a participatory form of government and in order to actively participate and expand that participation throughout all sectors of a given society, governments and leaders in the public, private and academic sectors must work together.

Heather Grady is the Manager of Business Development and Marketing for Rossetti Architects in Denver, CO.

Carlos Mesa

By:Zach Frederick Issue: Biennial of the Americas 2010 Section:Heads of State

Carlos Mesa, president of Bolivia from 2003-2005, is a tall, quiet man who is well informed and thoughtful about his passions. Prior to holding political office he was a historian and TV journalist. As with any leadership role, during his term Mesa struggled with the growing demands for government economic intervention from the poor indigenous population, and the tricky politics surrounding Bolivia's natural gas reserves.

At the Biennial roundtables, he commented on current Bolivian President Evo Morales’s new challenges in the country. Mesa urged President Morales that during the change process to continue to respect the rule of law, implementing change without doing it in an authoritarian manner. He also commented on the changes and divisions occurring right now in South America because of the various economic models in use throughout the region. " We must demonstrate the potential of a new and more efficient state bank, as a bridge between commercial banking and microfinance institutions extend the benefits of credit to even the poorest people.” - Carlos Mesa

In other discussions, Mesa discussed his concerns for the future of democracy in Latin America. He said there are indicators of a major crisis in the works and that it is evidenced in the resignation of several presidents before the end of their terms due to the weakness of labor, and poverty as major factors. He noted, “There is a crisis of the party and representation system that is giving birth to other systems such as the ones developing in Venezuela or Bolivia. Democracy in the streets and informal pressure groups represent new actors that undermine the existing institutional structure.” He sees the weakness of labor organizations (like the COB or the CGT) as another critical factor that threatens democracy in Latin countries and explains that wide-spread poverty can degrade the democratic process. “A lack of credibility, organized crime, and political volatility are not caused [exclusively] by poverty, but poverty does exacerbate them," stated Mesa.

I had the distinct honor of meeting the Bolivian leader to learn more about his country.

Q: Based on your experience as a historian and ex-leader of a former Spanish colony, why do you feel that the former English colonies (U.S., Australia, Canada, etc.) tend to have a greater rate of sustained economic success and stability, than those colonies of the Spanish, Portuguese, or French?

A: It is a response to be measured at the time in history. Today, the Anglo-Saxon countries are more successful than ours, but if you measure the long term history, in the past the Latin countries were the largest world powers (Rome or Spain, for example). The Latin American countries were the first after the United States to gain their independence in a block with Republican and modern ideas. We must work to build more solid institutions, create less politicization, and embrace openness to new ideas.

Q: You have said Bolivia is undergoing dramatic change at the moment. Many Bolivians are looking to the government to level the playing field economically. By and large, history has proven that governments cannot do this with long term results. Is it possible to solve Bolivia's extreme poverty with more market-driven solutions which are supported with strong law and order?

A: Bolivia lives an experience of profound transformations, but it is not facing the radical fight against poverty and inequality in an efficient and serious manner. Bolivia should make more efforts in social investment by incorporating with the global economy without ideological prejudices.

He expands on his thoughts in the "Social Agenda for Democracy in Latin America" where he says, “We must recover the role of development banks, which is part of the revival of the state in the economy. It is an issue beyond microcredit. Development banking was an important moment in Latin American economic history, and today it must be rescued on the condition that the errors of the past that led to bankruptcy and political patronage must be corrected. We must demonstrate the potential of a new and more efficient state bank, as a bridge between commercial banking and microfinance institutions extend the benefits of credit to even the poorest people.” In fact in Bolivia, microcredit now represents almost 30% of total credit in the financial system, which probably does not occur in large economies like Brazil, Argentina, or Mexico. “Efficiency has made microfinance competitive,” Mesa says.

When asked about the political challenges in integrating the very large indigenous population, especially in relation to successfully lifting them from relative poverty, Mesa said, “You have to differentiate the actions of the government with the indigenous populations. More importantly, you must give them equal opportunities. There may need to be more emphasis on education, health and full integration into society that materially benefits their communities.”

In the Agenda, Mesa uses examples of intercultural and bilingual education within indigenous populations and asserts that a key aspect of education is its, “choice of language of instruction as a basic definer of the educational system,” which has to be incorporated with the processes of socialization and the development and preservation of each population and its culture. “In addition,” he says, “we need to have a multi-level approach to education, health, and nutrition in the pre- and primary school levels, and a multi-level approach to the issue of school violence. To confront the main problems in education—particularly, the education of the poor—will take more than focusing on new technologies. We must define what we mean by educator and student and the process of learning.”

Just for fun, I asked Mesa about soccer because I knew he liked the sport and was happy with Uruguay’s performance in the World Cup. I asked, “Does this pride in Uruguay or Chile's performance imply there is a burgeoning pan-South American patriotism? How could such patriotism specifically help South America solve some of its many challenges?” He said, “Soccer is, undoubtedly, one of the greatest prides of South America, but the idea of regional pride should be based on integration, defeating poverty and quality education, innovation, technology and cultural contributions to the rest of the world.”

Despite economic and political differences, it is clear that Mesa hopes that the countries of the Western Hemisphere can have a more solid working relationship and that Bolivia will conquer some of its outstanding issues.

Rodrigo Borja

By:Jan Mazotti Issue: Biennial of the Americas 2010 Section:Heads of State

Distributing Opportunities to the People of Ecuador

Ecuador is in a transition. Education inequities, poverty, and trade concerns are just a few of the internal issues troubling the country. And 22 years after taking office, during the Biennial of the Americas, former President Rodrigo Borja (1988-1992) discussed his thoughts on democracy, educational inequalities, and the digital revolution, and his country’s most valuable economic assets. " Democracy is not simply the act of voting, but also the ability of the citizenry to participate economically and socially in the benefits produced by the democratic system." - Rodrigo Borja

For Borja, democracy is more than a form of government; it is a way to organize society – one based on political, social, and economic participation and integration. As an active member of the Global Center for Development and Democracy and an expert in Ecuadoran politics, Borja remarks, “Democracy is not simply the act of voting, but also the ability of the citizenry to participate economically and socially in the benefits produced by the democratic system.” It is something he believes in strongly in and remains passionate about. He says, “We have to make social reform that will redistribute educational justice, healthcare, and security opportunities. It is not a matter of distributing money, but rather distributing opportunities.”

Currently, education is a major initiative in Ecuador – with doubled spending on an annualized basis. While recognizing the progression of the current regime to enhance funding to education he hints at a rift between the haves and have-nots of his country. “The current digital revolution has helped create a knowledge society,” he says. “This society is dynamic, and there is a tendency for knowledge to be highly focused, exacerbating the concentration of physical property. Our response should be to spread electronic literacy and knowledge diffusion through massive computer availability.” He goes on, “There is more knowledge in a Sunday New York Times than a man in the 1700s had in a lifetime. Imbalance of knowledge can cause the same type of danger as an imbalance of wealth. There will always remain a division between those who are connected and those who are disconnected. We must always be aware that science moves with quick steps and ethics move slowly forward.” Obviously an advocate of access for all, no matter the socioeconomic status, Borja will continue to support educational equality.

According to Borja, Ecuador is absolutely interested in promoting economic growth through trade. In fact, his policies helped open Ecuador to foreign trade opportunities. Besides a rich agricultural presence, the country has rich petroleum reserves which make up about 40% of the countries GDP. Agriculturally rich, Ecuador’s most valuable exports include shrimp, bananas, coffee, rice, and chocolate. They too, are one of the largest exporters of flowers in the world.

Ecuador's active membership in global trade organizations and its participation in a number of regional free trade zones confirm the nation's trend toward liberalization and its commitment to open trade. Ecuador is a member of the World Trade Organization, the Andean Community, and the Latin American Integration Association. Ecuador has also completed bilateral free trade agreements with Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, and Venezuela. They are negotiating a trade agreement with Mexico, and are engaged in trade talks with the Mercosur nations of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay.

Ecuador's application of free market principles, including the lowering of trade barriers, its participation in numerous international trade organizations, and a firm commitment to diversification of its economy and reform of its financial institutions, are helping to restore a favorable balance of trade and generally better the nation's economy. Borja reiterated, “Ecuador is a country that is open to legitimate outside foreign investment. Our most important objective is to make sure that foreign investors and the people of Ecuador receive equitable opportunities to take advantage of trading and that there is justice and protection with both sides.”

Historically, poverty has been higher in rural areas and has been characterized by a lack of education, a lack of access to land, and few non-agricultural employment opportunities. In several business surveys, Ecuador-based businesses would like to hire more permanent workers, but are deterred by a lack of educated workers, scarce credit, poor technological infrastructure, and general uncertainty in the overall business environment. " There is more knowledge in a Sunday New York Times than a man in the 1700s had in a lifetime. Imbalance of knowledge can cause the same type of danger as an imbalance of wealth." - Rodrigo Borja

The poor, but particularly women, have historically had limited access to the formal labor, land, and credit markets and thereby have lacked full political participation. However, the relatively strong economy that has blessed the country over the last five years has caused overall poverty declines in urban Ecuador, but rural and indigenous populations remain poor, with a relatively high poverty rate hovering near 35%-38% of total population. As a result of the high levels of rural poor, many international programs and projects have come into the country – most with little meaningful result.

Ecuador’s health systems are ranked relatively low by international standards, partly because of eratic government expenditures over the last two decades. In fact, healthcare expenditures have ranged from 0.6 to 1.3 percent of overall GDP in the same time frame. As a result, the volatility of government funding and the broad variety of indigenous groups with numerous languages and populations in remote areas have caused a lack of continuity in social health programming across the board. Estimates suggest that as much as 20 to 30 percent of Ecuador's population lack immediate access to health services, and 70 percent are without health insurance and do not have the means to pay for care. These marginalized groups often rely on traditional medicine and aid from volunteers and NGOs.

According to Borja, events like the Biennial, “really deepen the roots of understanding between countries. It is an opportuity to deepen the relationships and generate friendships — all of which leads to a better understanding between countries.”

Borja’s ideals and mission to bring reform to his country are well purposed, and 22 years after taking office, he remains committed to Ecuador. He is seen as a prominent figure who will challenge the system to elevate his country and push for meaningful improvement.

Gustavo Noboa

By:Jan Mazotti Issue: Biennial of the Americas 2010 Section:Advisory Board

Peace, Progress, and Justice

"Democracy is in danger across Latin America. The essence of democracy is change between one group and another. Now there is no true separation of power in our government systems. Anyone who speaks against government is repressed."

It is said that leaders rise out of chaos, and in the case of Gustavo Noboa this saying is literally true. In 2000, during extreme political unrest and the ousting of President Mahuad in the capital city of Quito, Ecuador, Noboa, then vice president, took the reins of his country and began to lead. It was chaotic; the country was in the midst of a major recession, and maintained significant foreign debt. The government was debating privatization of the utilities, and had proposed the transition of the nation’s currency to the U.S. dollar. The citizens, especially farmers, were in an uproar. Driven by the desire to guide Ecuador with market-oriented policies, Noboa often met with political fragmentation, which further caused slow-downs in reform efforts and debt refinancing efforts. Noboa was in office until 2003.

Today, Noboa participates as an advisor and firm advocator for the Social Agenda for Democracy in Latin America, a policy recommendation to current Latin heads of state, which outlines the 16 most pressing issues of the region and identifies approximately 60 specific public and private recommendations to conquer these issues, while requiring accountability economically, socially, and politically.

In Denver for the Biennial, President Noboa shared his expertise, both personal and political, with attendees at the Healthcare and Heads of State Roundtables, which opened with President Clinton, via video, discussing the importance of equality in the hemisphere in terms of incomes, healthcare, and education. Clinton said, “140 million people in Latin America do not have access to clean drinking water. We have a chance to learn... Our common humanity matters.” And with that, the roundtable began with President Noboa saying, “Health is a day-to-day issue and prevention is crucial. In Ecuador, we must be in the position to handle all possible threats. Education is another issue. We must educate in the area of prevention.” Many NGOs would agree. Although the country has basically eliminated yellow fever, and is seeing significant declines in malaria and tuberculosis, malnutrition is widespread and infant mortality rates are relatively high, at 23 per 1000. There is still need for other preventative health measures including clean water and sanitation options.

In his opening remarks at the Heads of State Roundtable, Noboa proclaimed, in a most colorful fashion that, “Democracy is in danger across Latin America.” And to that remark...the audience erupted in applause. He said that democracies in some countries today are really just dictatorships that look like democracy because they hold elections. Then he rhetorically asked, “Is that really democracy? The essence of democracy is change between one group and another. Now there is no true separation of power in our government systems. Anyone who speaks against government is repressed,” he said. Ecuador has become a country of transit, storage and distribution for much of the U.S.-bound cocaine from Colombia. "Our obligation as heads of states is to lead our countries toward progress amid these rapidly changing conditions." — Gustavo Noboa

Committed to making a difference, Noboa regularly travels, speaks, and writes about the importance of these types of dialogues. He has historically used the example of energy development in Ecuador to prove his point. He says, “In Ecuador, nature has rights. Over time, we were able to build the oil pipeline, in spite of the environmentalists. Nevertheless, wind energy could not be established in the Galápagos Islands due to the opposition of environmental NGOs. There is a permanent theme: How is it that with good intentions, we trip over the same rock—our own groups that impede development? What to do? Dialogue.”

Economic and cultural globalization is moving forward, and through the Social Agenda, Noboa and his fellow heads of state remain on the pulse point of the issues and remain committed to improving education, public health, regional physical infrastructure, housing, and the environment – all for the purpose of opening up opportunities for decent employment, which improves living standards. Noboa has also recognized the threats of illegal drug production, trafficking and consumption as a global problem that threatens the, “development and safety of our countries and of the international community. It is one of the most harmful and dangerous forms of organized transnational crime that threatens the state of law and distorts the economy.” He should know, since Ecuador has become a country of transit, storage and distribution for much of the U.S.-bound cocaine from Colombia. “Our obligation as heads of states is to lead our countries toward progress amid these rapidly changing conditions,” said Noboa at a past Andean Community Summit.

Noboa realistically recognizes that none of the social and political agenda items will happen in a vacuum. It will take joint efforts between the Latin Countries, the U.S. and others in the hemisphere if we are to indeed see a meaningful shift in the overall agenda. He understands that there may be chaos. But, he is committed to teaching the lessons that he, his predecessors, and his colleagues have learned — the mistakes, hurdles, and successes of a country's regime and how to maintain civility through growth, without leaving behind the constructs of basic democracy and human rights. Noboa proclaims, “The adoption of correct, timely, and appropriate policies in the social sector builds up democracy while defending the human rights of the citizens of our countries. This is an everyday task that should occupy our efforts fully.”

Dr. Nicolas Ardito Barletta

By:Camron Moore Issue: Biennial of the Americas 2010 Section:Heads of State

The Logistics of Building a Collaborative Country

In a time when countries and economies across the globe face the challenge of finding new and innovative ways to do business, the Biennial of the Americas offered an opportunity for 35 nations of the Western Hemisphere to engage in open dialogue about what’s working, what’s not, and how countries can work together. “The Biennial of the Americas provided an exceptional forum that fostered open communications and provided the opportunity to learn from each other and share the stories of our countries. In today’s world, communication is the name of the game. We must recognize our interconnectedness to better education, which affects poverty, the economy, healthcare, and so many other areas,” said Dr. Nicolás Ardito Barletta, former president of Panama. "Political relationships among countries today have much to do with people’s relations. The more our peoples know the realities of each other, improve their abilities and opportunities to communicate peacefully, find common ground, and identify mutually interesting opportunities, the better our political relationships will be." - Dr. Nicolás Ardito Barletta

Throughout the Biennial, participants shared stories of successes and failures, which support the need for more in-depth political relationships throughout the region. Barletta said, the Biennial had a huge impact because, “Political relationships among countries today have much to do with people’s relations. The more our people know the realities of each other, improve their abilities and opportunities to communicate peacefully, find common ground, and identify mutually interesting opportunities, the better our political relationships will be.” And for success to manifest, it will take collaboration and leadership, and there is perhaps no better place to look than Panama.

While Panama has always been a globalized economy due to its strategic geographic location, it has become a major hub for trade and business across the Americas, and around the world. Recent figures estimate that, 4.3% of world maritime trade transits the Panama Canal, and 35% of Asia Pacific trade to the East coast of the USA transits the canal. These impressive figures demonstrate Panama’s current role in global logistics, but the canal is currently undergoing a $5.2 billion expansion project that will increase capacity for both volume and size of vessels, further growing Panama’s role in global trade. Additionally, Panama hosts the Colón Free Trade Zone (CFZ) the second largest free trade zone in the world, located at the Atlantic entrance to the canal. The CFZ has a total activity volume of $19 billion per year, and is home to an international banking center that last year had deposits of over $578 billion and over $65 billion in assets.

Building on the success of the canal, Panama has worked diligently to build an infrastructure that will allow it to continue to grow its global footprint. The recently completed Tocumen International Airport, one of the most modern and technologically advanced airports in Central and South America, provides the much increased capacity for both passengers and cargo needed to continue the growth trends. To complete the inter-modal transportation triangle the Trans-Isthmian Railroad runs between the Pacific and the Atlantic ports, and handles approximately 360,000 containers per year, in addition to offering luxurious passenger service through the lush jungles of Panama.

While the future of Panama is highly anticipated, success will not be met without great effort. When asked what are the greatest challenges facing Panama today Barletta responded, “There are two major challenges – the full development, modernization and strengthening of our institutions and the development of the full potential of the people through education and training. Panama is a small country with a small population, yet with a worldwide outreach in a globalized economy. We must apply the highest standards to do business and to maintain our openness to international business. Institutions and trained people are indispensable to manage those opportunities successfully. We are emphasizing education and training, institutions, infrastructure, openness and promotion to continue attracting business here. The clustering of complementary activities and a good modern quality of life are also a high priority.”

Although education and training is the most important input for his people’s development, they still have a long way to go. He said that continued development and promotion for the advancement of economic growth through education is paramount to Panama’s growth. “We have a sufficient quantity of education, including universities. But we have to improve the quality and relevance of it. The university enrollment in Panama per capita compares to the levels of developed countries. Panamanian young people want to study and improve. But we have to give them the quality needed in today´s world. We need to continue emphasizing a humane education attentive to values and our culture, as well as increasing emphasis in technology and innovation.” » "There are two major challenges (facing Panama) – the full development, modernization and strengthening of our institutions and the development of the full potential of the people through education and training." - Dr. Nicolás Ardito Barletta

A challenge that is strongly interconnected with education is poverty – the divide between the haves and have–nots – is prevalent in Panama and across the Western Hemisphere. “Today, 28% of Panamanians are still poor – an unacceptable figure. Two thirds of those Panamanians are poor in rural areas, and one fourth of them are native indigenous people,” remarked Barletta. However, the influx of new jobs, education and health facilities caused poverty to be reduced from 37% to 28% from 2002 to 2008. Although Panama is making strides, Barletta reminds us that, “We need to increase our programs and efforts because 43% of Panamanians are younger than 20 years old and 56% of the poor are also younger than 20 years old. We need to emphasize education, health, nutrition, basic needs, information, and gender equality for the poor of our country.”

With a quick glance at Panama's recent growth in trade, employment, education, and GDP and its reduction in overall poverty levels you can infer that this is a country on the rise, due in part to its strategic geographic location, but due in greater part to collaborative, transformational leadership like that of Dr. Nicolás Ardito Barletta.

Alejandro Toledo

By:Michael Connors Issue: Biennial of the Americas 2010 Section:Advisory Board

As countries across the globe face one of the direst economic outlooks since the Great Depression, leaders from around the world are looking for allies and coming up with completely new ways of conducting business. Latin American countries, in particular, have been undergoing a silent revolution over the last several years as many try and address the root causes of war and poverty, which are often inextricably linked. Thus, while South Americans are reinventing themselves, leadership in North America, and the U.S. in particular, is still focused inward, grappling with two wars and an ailing economy. But there is a growing sense that there may be a new beginning and revitalization of the North/South relationship. There is a golden moment at hand for the North and South in the Western Hemisphere to work together and begin dismantling the traditional legacy of corruption and war that has haunted so many South American countries. So, ultimate question might be: where is Latin America going?

Clearly, the instability that drives the region is a source of hesitation for investors and governments alike. Shell, for example, walked away from $4 billion of infrastructure in Venezuela to avoid working with Hugo Chavez. Yet there are also shining examples of progress, and perhaps no one personifies this drive towards reform and progress better than Alejandro Toledo, President of Peru from 2001 to 2006. An academic and small businessman, President Toledo came to prominence as a political opponent of President Alberto Fujimori. He came from a poor indiginous family and understands the plight of the South American poor. However, he is also an economist who grasps the benefits that a free market can bring. He acknowledges the history of corruption that makes progress impossible in many South American countries and is looking for a unified political approach to deal with the corruption and wealth inequities that impede social progress. Personally, I find the differences between Peru and Venezuela intriguing and during my interview with Dr. Toledo I asked him about the obvious rift between the free market leaders and the radical socialists like Chavez. He responded, “People around the world are asking me--what is happening with Latin America? Is it going left? Look at Hugo Chavez of Venezuela, Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua, Evo Morales of Bolivia, Raphael Correa in Ecuador. . . and on. I have too much respect for the left in Latin America to give Hugo Chavez the merit of being from the left.” “It is the time to sit at a round table and create a horizontal relationship between North and South America." - Alejandro Toledo

Toledo said, “If we do not confront the social issues like poverty, social exclusion, then who will try to confront the poverty issue by giving fish away instead of giving the poor the right to learn how to fish. That implies state policy that goes beyond the short term. At GCCD we’re trying to do leadership beyond politics: education, clean water, micro-credit for women, cash transfers and credits. The inter-hemispheric relationship is not being taken seriously enough. The richness of our partnership must go beyond just the Cuban issues: stranded democratic institutions and free Internet for the poor.”

Clearly, there will always be some component of social justice and equality when speaking about Latin America - it is simply a matter of degree. President Toledo believes that a nationalized economy will ultimately destroy any means of production because oftentimes regimes do not re-invest profits back into the infrastructure. We see this happening in Venezuela right now. Yet there is a balance between free market forces and making sure the indigenous populations and citizens of that country share in the wealth that is generated. What most concerns President Toledo is that there is not enough collaboration between North American and South American countries. He feels the U.S, for example, has disproportionately focused on European and Asian relationships. He encapsulates the importance of the North/South relationship thusly. “This may sound a little bit provocative but it needs to be said... The inter-hemispheric relationship is not being taken sufficiently seriously enough... The richness of our partnership demands us to move beyond the four issues of narco-trafficking, trade in Cuba, crime, and trade. It is time to redefine the components of our relationships between Latin America, the Caribbean and North America. We must continue with economic growth and pay attention to the social issues while at the same time be sensitive to the environment. . . It is the time to sit at a round table and create a horizontal relationship between North and South America.”

Perhaps it is this disparity of focus that brought President Toledo, and the leaders of 21 other countries to Colorado in July of 2010. The Biennial was a golden opportunity to give visibility and heightened respect to the important economic and social ties that bind the countries of the Western Hemisphere.

As a result of his unique perspective, Dr. Toledo founded the Global Center for Development and Democracy (GCDD). The GCDD is a collection of former Latin American leaders that has focused on a plan to help guide South America back on to a road to recovery. This group has dedicated itself to eradicating the financial and social inequities that consistently plunge Latin American countries into turmoil. What is needed, according to Toledo, is a stabilizing force that helps the poor. The roadmap to stability began in 2006 when Toledo called former Latin American heads of state and two former European presidents to help experts and academics draft the "Social Agenda for Democracy in Latin America for the Next 20 Years". The plan outlines 16 policy areas as a framework to reduce the region's destructive inequality and to make its political institutions more inclusive.

By partnering with former heads of state and pushing a single agenda, President Toledo hopes to guide Latin America towards a more hopeful future. Essentially, he has laid the groundwork for sustainable collaboration by organizing the former leaders of Latin America into a cohesive and powerful force that is driven by a single agenda.

Coupled with the innovation and resources available in North America, President Toledo therefore sees a much brighter future for the hemisphere as a whole. He said, “We’re trying to do leadership beyond politics. That means that we are making explicit public policy recommendations to sitting presidents, knowing that the benefits of these recommendations - education, sanitation and clean water, quality of education and energy for the poor - will not be seen in the short-term.”

According to Toledo, what is missing at this juncture is one key component - collaboration. He has a roadmap, but he simply needs more "passengers on the bus." Only by working together can leaders from both the North and South begin to deal with what is most important in Latin America. “At the heart of the political issues that have engulfed the region lies poverty. The simple fact is this, if a country is dominated by poverty and the wealth continues to be held primarily by a small minority, a middle class cannot flourish. And without a middle class, there is no hope for democracy. The poorest citizens will push for a socialized economic system that ravages the means of production. Venezuela is a prime example and one that strikes fear in the hearts of any serious observer,” Toledo remarked.

As countries like Peru continue to succeed based on a left-leaning social agenda guided by free market principles, there will be noticeable envy from Venezuelans who are trapped in a dictatorial system– leading, inevitably, to civil war.